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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was not only one of the greatest composers of the Classical period, but one of the greatest of all time. Surprisingly, he is not identified with radical formal or harmonic innovations, or with the profound kind of symbolism heard in some of Bach's works. Mozart's best music has a natural flow and irresistible charm, and can express humor, joy or sorrow with both conviction and mastery. His operas, especially his later efforts, are brilliant examples of high art, as are many of his piano concertos and later symphonies. Even his lesser compositions and juvenile works feature much attractive and often masterful music.

Mozart was the last of seven children, of whom five did not survive early childhood. By the age of three he was playing the clavichord, and at four he began writing short compositions. Young Wolfgang gave his first public performance at the age of five at Salzburg University, and in January 1762, he performed on harpsichord for the Elector of Bavaria. There are many astonishing accounts of the young Mozart's precocity and genius. At the age of seven, for instance, he picked up a violin at a musical gathering and sight-read the second part of a work with complete accuracy, despite his never having had a violin lesson.

In the years 1763-1766, Mozart, along with his father Leopold, a composer and musician, and sister Nannerl, also a musically talented child, toured London, Paris, and other parts of Europe, giving many successful concerts and performing before royalty. The Mozart family returned to Salzburg in November 1766. The following year young Wolfgang composed his first opera, Apollo et Hyacinthus. Keyboard concertos and other major works also came from his pen.

In 1769, Mozart was appointed Konzertmeister at the Salzburg Court by the Archbishop. Beginning that same year, the Mozarts made three tours of Italy, where the young composer studied Italian opera and produced two successful efforts, Mitridate and Lucio Silla. In 1773, Mozart was back in Austria, where he spent most of the next few years composing. He wrote all his violin concertos between 1774 and 1777, as well as Masses, symphonies, and chamber works.

In 1780, Mozart wrote his opera Idomeneo, which became a sensation in Munich. After a conflict with the Archbishop, Mozart left his Konzertmeister post and settled in Vienna. He received a number of commissions and took on a well-paying but unimportant Court post. In 1782 Mozart married Constanze Weber and took her to Salzburg the following year to introduce her to his family. 1782 was also the year that saw his opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail staged with great success.

In 1784, Mozart joined the Freemasons, apparently embracing the teachings of that group. He would later write music for certain Masonic lodges. In the early and mid-1780s, Mozart composed many sonatas and quartets, and often appeared as soloist in the 15 piano concertos he wrote during this period. Many of his commissions were for operas now, and Mozart met them with a string of masterpieces. Le nozze di Figaro came 1786, Don Giovanni in 1787, Così fan tutte in 1790, and Die Zauberflöte in 1791. Mozart made a number of trips in his last years, and while his health had been fragile in previous times, he displayed no serious condition or illness until he developed a fever of unknown origin near the end of 1791. ~ Robert Cummings

Long the leader of the Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam, conductor Bernard Haitink was widely regarded as one of the finest conductors of the 20th century. He was known for meticulous but exciting performances of a wide variety of orchestral repertory, and he also conducted opera.

Haitink was born in Amsterdam on March 4, 1929. His father was a municipal electricity executive, and his mother was an employee of the local Alliance Française. Haitink began his career as a violinist, studying the violin at the Amsterdam Conservatory and also taking some conducting lessons. For several years, he played the violin in the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic, but he switched to conducting in the mid-1950s, taking lessons with Ferdinand Leitner. Named second conductor with the Netherlands Radio Union, he led four different ensembles before being promoted to principal conductor of the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic in 1957. A substitute appearance for the ailing Carlo Maria Giulini at the Concertgebouw Orchestra led to frequent guest appearances with that group and finally to Haitink's appointment as principal conductor in 1961, at first jointly with Eugen Jochum, and then, in 1963, as sole principal conductor.

Recordings of orchestral and concerto repertory with Haitink leading the Concertgebouw Orchestra were staples of the Philips label catalog, and later, those of Decca and EMI, through much of the later LP era, and well into those of CDs and online reproduction. Haitink also served as the music director of the London Philharmonic from 1967 to 1979 and made recordings with that group as well. His recordings focused on 19th century Romantic repertory but extended back to Mozart and into the 20th century, featuring composers as diverse as Ravel, Shostakovich, and Vaughan Williams. In the vast works of Wagner and Bruckner, his control and precision were nonpareil. Haitink was quite active as an opera conductor in Britain, where he took up residence. He was the music director of the Glyndebourne Festival from 1977 to 1988 and of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in London from 1987 to 2002, recording both French and German opera with these groups. In 1988, Haitink resigned from his conductorship at the Concertgebouw in frustration over government cutbacks; he returned to conducting there after a reconciliation several years later and continued to appear with the group until shortly before his retirement in 2019. He also guest conducted widely with European groups, including the Berlin Philharmonic and Vienna Philharmonic, as well as the Boston Symphony, where he was named principal guest conductor. Haitink remained active, in the Netherlands, Britain, and elsewhere, through several decades of senior citizen status.

Haitink's recordings number over 450. He continued to record through his eighties, making a new recording of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 ("Choral") with the Sinfonieorchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks in 2019, just days before his 90th birthday. In that year, he announced his retirement, making his final Proms appearance in London with the Vienna Philharmonic on September 3, 2019, marking his 90th Proms appearance. His final appearance came three days later with that orchestra in Lucerne, Switzerland. New releases and reissues of Haitink performances continued uninterrupted; a live recording of Haitink's last Amsterdam appearance, in Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 with the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic, was released just days before his death on October 21, 2021, at his home in London. Haitink was the holder of an honorary British knighthood and was a member of the House Order of Orange-Nassau, an honor bestowed by the Dutch queen. ~ James Manheim